Turquoise: Meaning, Colour, Properties & Jewellery Guide

What Gives Turquoise Its Colour

The characteristic blue tones of turquoise are primarily due to the presence of copper within its chemical structure. Variations in chemistry, including the presence of iron and other trace elements, can contribute to greener shades. The intensity and hue of turquoise can vary considerably depending on the specific mineral composition and formation conditions.

Turquoise Colour and Appearance

Turquoise displays a range of attractive colours, from bright sky blue and robin's-egg blue to blue-green and green. The most prized colours are often vivid, even blues, though preferences vary widely. Some turquoise exhibits a more subdued or mottled appearance, whilst other pieces show intense, saturated colour.

The surface texture and polish of turquoise can also affect its overall appearance, with well-polished stones displaying a smooth, waxy lustre.

Matrix in Turquoise

Turquoise may contain veins or patches of the host rock in which it formed, commonly referred to as matrix. This matrix often appears as brown, black, or golden webbing running through the stone. Some pieces display attractive spiderweb-like matrix patterns that are highly valued by collectors and jewellery enthusiasts.

Preferences for matrix vary considerably. Some customers prefer clean turquoise with minimal matrix, whilst others appreciate the distinctive character and natural appearance that matrix provides. Neither style is inherently superior—it is a matter of personal taste.

Turquoise Durability

Turquoise has a Mohs hardness of approximately 5–6, making it softer and more sensitive than gemstones such as sapphire or quartz. It can also be relatively porous, which means it may absorb oils, chemicals, and moisture more readily than harder, denser gemstones.

Suitability for Jewellery

Turquoise is suitable for a wide range of jewellery applications, including:

• Rings
• Earrings
• Necklaces
• Pendants
• Bracelets
• Beads

However, turquoise rings and bracelets require additional care because they are more likely to encounter knocks, chemicals, and everyday wear. Protective settings and mindful handling can help preserve the stone's appearance over time.

Where Turquoise Is Found

Turquoise is found in several regions around the world. Recognised sources include Iran, which has historically produced some of the finest turquoise, China, and the United States, particularly Arizona and Nevada. Other producing regions also contribute to the global supply.

It is important to note that geographic origin alone does not determine turquoise quality. Colour, texture, matrix, treatments, and overall appearance all play significant roles in assessing a particular piece.

Assessing Turquoise Quality

When evaluating turquoise, customers may consider several factors, including:

• Colour: Intensity, hue, and evenness of colour
• Texture: Smoothness and consistency of the surface
• Porosity: Density and resistance to absorption
• Matrix: Presence, pattern, and appeal of host rock inclusions
• Cut: Shape and proportions of the finished stone
• Polish: Quality of the surface finish
• Treatments: Any enhancements or stabilisation processes
• Durability: Suitability for intended use
• Overall appearance: Visual appeal and character

Natural and Treated Turquoise

Turquoise may be treated to improve colour, durability, or surface appearance. Common treatments include:

Stabilisation or Impregnation

Porous turquoise is often impregnated with resin to improve its durability and polish. This process, known as stabilisation, helps protect the stone from absorbing oils and chemicals and can enhance colour consistency. Stabilised turquoise remains genuine turquoise material.

Dyeing or Colour Enhancement

Some turquoise may be dyed to intensify or alter its colour. This treatment should be disclosed, as it affects the stone's natural appearance and long-term stability.

Surface Treatments

Waxing or oiling may be applied to improve lustre and protect the surface. These treatments are generally considered routine for turquoise.

Treated turquoise can still contain genuine turquoise material, and treatments should be accurately represented and disclosed where relevant. Understanding the treatment status of a piece helps customers make informed decisions.

Caring for Turquoise Jewellery

Recommended Care

Clean turquoise gently with warm or lukewarm soapy water and a soft cloth. Rinse thoroughly and dry with a soft, lint-free cloth.

What to Avoid

• Ultrasonic cleaners
• Steam cleaners
• Harsh chemicals
• Acids
• Perfume and hairspray applied directly to the gemstone
• Cosmetics and lotions where possible
• High heat
• Hard impacts
• Prolonged contact with oils and perspiration

Turquoise can absorb oils or chemicals, and these may alter its appearance over time, especially in more porous material. It is advisable to apply cosmetics, perfume, and hairspray before putting on turquoise jewellery.

Store turquoise separately from harder gemstones that could scratch it. A soft pouch or lined jewellery box is ideal.