Turquoise Gemstone Guide
Turquoise is one of the world's most recognisable gemstones, prized for its distinctive blue-green colour and long history in jewellery and ornament. This hydrated copper and aluminium phosphate mineral forms in dry regions through complex reactions involving copper-rich groundwater and surrounding minerals. From ancient civilisations to contemporary jewellery, turquoise continues to captivate with its unique appearance and cultural significance.
Turquoise at a Glance
- Mineral: Turquoise
- Typical colour: Blue to blue-green and green
- Mohs hardness: Approximately 5–6
- Transparency: Usually opaque to semi-translucent
- Common uses: Rings, earrings, necklaces, pendants, bracelets, beads
- Birthstone: December
What Gives Turquoise Its Colour
The characteristic blue tones of turquoise are primarily due to the presence of copper within its chemical structure. Variations in chemistry, including the presence of iron and other trace elements, can contribute to greener shades. The intensity and hue of turquoise can vary considerably depending on the specific mineral composition and formation conditions.
Turquoise Colour and Appearance
Turquoise displays a range of attractive colours, from bright sky blue and robin's-egg blue to blue-green and green. The most prized colours are often vivid, even blues, though preferences vary widely. Some turquoise exhibits a more subdued or mottled appearance, whilst other pieces show intense, saturated colour.
The surface texture and polish of turquoise can also affect its overall appearance, with well-polished stones displaying a smooth, waxy lustre.
Matrix in Turquoise
Turquoise may contain veins or patches of the host rock in which it formed, commonly referred to as matrix. This matrix often appears as brown, black, or golden webbing running through the stone. Some pieces display attractive spiderweb-like matrix patterns that are highly valued by collectors and jewellery enthusiasts.
Preferences for matrix vary considerably. Some customers prefer clean turquoise with minimal matrix, whilst others appreciate the distinctive character and natural appearance that matrix provides. Neither style is inherently superior—it is a matter of personal taste.
Turquoise Durability
Turquoise has a Mohs hardness of approximately 5–6, making it softer and more sensitive than gemstones such as sapphire or quartz. It can also be relatively porous, which means it may absorb oils, chemicals, and moisture more readily than harder, denser gemstones.
Suitability for Jewellery
Turquoise is suitable for a wide range of jewellery applications, including:
- Rings
- Earrings
- Necklaces
- Pendants
- Bracelets
- Beads
However, turquoise rings and bracelets require additional care because they are more likely to encounter knocks, chemicals, and everyday wear. Protective settings and mindful handling can help preserve the stone's appearance over time.
Where Turquoise Is Found
Turquoise is found in several regions around the world. Recognised sources include Iran, which has historically produced some of the finest turquoise, China, and the United States, particularly Arizona and Nevada. Other producing regions also contribute to the global supply.
It is important to note that geographic origin alone does not determine turquoise quality. Colour, texture, matrix, treatments, and overall appearance all play significant roles in assessing a particular piece.
Assessing Turquoise Quality
When evaluating turquoise, customers may consider several factors, including:
- Colour: Intensity, hue, and evenness of colour
- Texture: Smoothness and consistency of the surface
- Porosity: Density and resistance to absorption
- Matrix: Presence, pattern, and appeal of host rock inclusions
- Cut: Shape and proportions of the finished stone
- Polish: Quality of the surface finish
- Treatments: Any enhancements or stabilisation processes
- Durability: Suitability for intended use
- Overall appearance: Visual appeal and character
Natural and Treated Turquoise
Turquoise may be treated to improve colour, durability, or surface appearance. Common treatments include:
Stabilisation or Impregnation
Porous turquoise is often impregnated with resin to improve its durability and polish. This process, known as stabilisation, helps protect the stone from absorbing oils and chemicals and can enhance colour consistency. Stabilised turquoise remains genuine turquoise material.
Dyeing or Colour Enhancement
Some turquoise may be dyed to intensify or alter its colour. This treatment should be disclosed, as it affects the stone's natural appearance and long-term stability.
Surface Treatments
Waxing or oiling may be applied to improve lustre and protect the surface. These treatments are generally considered routine for turquoise.
Treated turquoise can still contain genuine turquoise material, and treatments should be accurately represented and disclosed where relevant. Understanding the treatment status of a piece helps customers make informed decisions.
Imitation Turquoise
Imitation turquoise also exists and may be made from other natural materials or manufactured products designed to resemble turquoise. These imitations do not contain genuine turquoise and should be clearly identified as such.
Turquoise vs Dyed Howlite
Howlite is a different mineral that is sometimes dyed blue to imitate turquoise. Whilst dyed howlite may resemble turquoise in appearance, it is not genuine turquoise and should not be described as such. Howlite is typically white or grey with dark veining and is softer than turquoise. When dyed, it can be difficult to distinguish from turquoise without testing, so it is important to purchase from reputable sources that accurately represent their materials.
Caring for Turquoise Jewellery
Recommended Care
Clean turquoise gently with warm or lukewarm soapy water and a soft cloth. Rinse thoroughly and dry with a soft, lint-free cloth.
What to Avoid
- Ultrasonic cleaners
- Steam cleaners
- Harsh chemicals
- Acids
- Perfume and hairspray applied directly to the gemstone
- Cosmetics and lotions where possible
- High heat
- Hard impacts
- Prolonged contact with oils and perspiration
Turquoise can absorb oils or chemicals, and these may alter its appearance over time, especially in more porous material. It is advisable to apply cosmetics, perfume, and hairspray before putting on turquoise jewellery.
Store turquoise separately from harder gemstones that could scratch it. A soft pouch or lined jewellery box is ideal.
Turquoise Meaning and Symbolism
Throughout history, turquoise has been associated with protection, good fortune, friendship, and wellbeing in various cultures. These associations reflect traditional beliefs and cultural symbolism rather than proven effects.
In many traditions, turquoise has been valued as a talisman or amulet, believed to bring positive energy and safeguard the wearer. Whilst these meanings hold cultural and historical significance, they should be understood as symbolic rather than literal.
Turquoise as a December Birthstone
Turquoise is one of the recognised birthstones associated with December, alongside tanzanite and zircon. Birthstone traditions vary by region and culture, but turquoise has long been a popular choice for December-born individuals seeking meaningful jewellery.
Turquoise in History
Turquoise has an exceptionally long history in jewellery and ornament. Ancient cultures in regions such as Egypt, Persia, China, and the Americas valued turquoise for its beauty and symbolic significance. Archaeological evidence shows that turquoise was used in jewellery, ceremonial objects, and decorative arts thousands of years ago.
This enduring appeal across diverse cultures and time periods speaks to turquoise's unique aesthetic and cultural resonance.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is turquoise?
Turquoise is a hydrated copper and aluminium phosphate mineral known for its distinctive blue to blue-green colour. It forms in dry regions through reactions involving copper-rich groundwater and surrounding minerals.
Is turquoise a real gemstone?
Yes, turquoise is a genuine gemstone mineral that has been used in jewellery and ornament for thousands of years. However, imitations and simulants also exist, so it is important to purchase from reputable sources.
Why is turquoise blue?
The blue colour of turquoise is primarily due to the presence of copper in its chemical structure. Variations in chemistry, including iron content, can produce greener shades.
What is matrix in turquoise?
Matrix refers to veins or patches of the host rock in which turquoise formed. It often appears as brown, black, or golden webbing. Some pieces display attractive spiderweb-like patterns, and preferences for matrix vary between customers.
Is turquoise commonly treated?
Yes, turquoise is often treated to improve durability and appearance. Common treatments include stabilisation with resin, dyeing, and surface treatments such as waxing. Treated turquoise remains genuine turquoise, and treatments should be disclosed.
What does stabilised turquoise mean?
Stabilised turquoise has been impregnated with resin to improve its durability and polish. This process helps protect porous turquoise from absorbing oils and chemicals and can enhance colour consistency.
How hard is turquoise?
Turquoise has a Mohs hardness of approximately 5–6, making it softer than gemstones such as sapphire or quartz. It requires careful handling and appropriate care to maintain its appearance.
Is turquoise suitable for everyday jewellery?
Turquoise can be worn daily, but it requires more care than harder gemstones. Rings and bracelets are more vulnerable to knocks and chemicals, so protective settings and mindful handling are recommended.
What is the difference between turquoise and dyed howlite?
Howlite is a different mineral that is sometimes dyed blue to imitate turquoise. Dyed howlite is not genuine turquoise and should be clearly identified as such. Purchase from reputable sources to ensure you receive authentic turquoise.
How should turquoise jewellery be cleaned?
Clean turquoise gently with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, steam cleaners, harsh chemicals, and prolonged contact with oils, perfumes, and cosmetics.
Is turquoise a December birthstone?
Yes, turquoise is one of the recognised birthstones for December, alongside tanzanite and zircon.
Turquoise remains one of the world's most distinctive and historically significant gemstones. Its characteristic blue-green colour, derived from its copper and aluminium phosphate composition, and its unique matrix patterns make each piece individual. Understanding treatment considerations, care requirements, and the differences between genuine turquoise and imitations helps customers make informed choices. With proper care and handling, turquoise jewellery can be enjoyed for years to come, continuing a tradition that spans thousands of years across diverse cultures and civilisations.